General survey of the Trakl-Site:
The Poetry and Letters
Kaleidoskope der Mehrdeutigkeit
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General survey of the Trakl-Site: The Poetry and Letters
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| Glossary This Glossary collects and explains all names, places, and foreign language expressions used in Trakl's poetic works, including the bequest. If anyone finds something missing or errors in a term, please inform me by email.
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Afra - Christian martyr and Catholic saint. According to legend, Afra was given over as a prostitute to the service of the goddess Venus by her mother Hilaria. During the persecution of Roman Emperor Diocletian, Bishop Narcissus of Gerundum, in Spain , took refuge from his persecutors in Augsburg , Bavaria and found asylum in Afra's house. The bishop converted Afra to Christianity and baptized her. Around 304, Afra was burned at the stake for professing herself to be a Christian and refusing to participate in pagan rites. Her feast is celebrated on the 7 th of August. [Afra] Agathon - Fictional character who participates together with Marcellus in the dialog From the Golden Chalice – Mary Magdalene, a youthful work of Trakl. All Souls' Day – is a Catholic day to commemorate the faithfully departed or those baptized souls believed to be in purgatory. It is also sometimes called “The Day of the Dead.” The theological doctrine is that upon death souls departing from the body who are not cleansed of sin or have not atoned for past transgressions are barred from being one with God, and the faithful on earth can help them through prayer. It is celebrated on November 2 nd with requiem masses and visits to cemeteries. [All Souls' Day] Angela - A woman's name; appears peripherally in Trakl's poetry. [Corner by the Forest; Bequest: To Angela both versions; Daydreaming in the Evening] Angelus - is a short Catholic devotion in honor of the Incarnation of Jesus Christ repeated three times each day, morning (6 a.m.), noon, and evening (6 p.m.), at the sound of the Angelus bell. It consists in the triple repetition of the Hail Mary, preceded by three introductory versicles and a concluding versicle and prayer. The devotion derives its name from the first word of the first versicle, i.e. Angelus Domini nuntiavit Maria (The angel of the Lord declared unto Mary). [Bequest: Justice] Anif - a castle near Salzburg in the proximity of Hellbrunn. [Anif] Aphrodite - the goddess of love, beauty and sexual rapture in Greek mythology. Hesiod relates that she was born from sea foam when Uranus, father of the gods, was castrated by his son Cronos who threw the severed genitals into the ocean. Aphrodite arose from the sea as a fully grown woman and was carried by the waves to Cyprus . She was married to Hephaestus, the smith god , but she was the lover of many gods and mortals, perhaps the most famous being Adonis. [Bequest: Luminous Hour] Arabia - since antiquity, a geographical and cultural area occupying the peninsula between the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf that composes much of modern day Saudi Arabia. [From the Golden Chalice - Barrabas] Avanti - an Italian word meaning forward. [Winter Night] Azrael - is the name given the angel of death in the Old Testament. He is depicted as an archangel under the command of God with four faces and four thousand wings. His body is made up of eyes and tongues, matching the number of people residing on earth. He constantly records and erases the names of people at birth and death, and will be the last to die. [Rosary Songs - Amen; Bequest: Bluebeard] |
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Barrabas - was the murder that the Roman governor of Judea, Pontius Pilate, freed at the Passover feast in Jerusalem instead of Jesus. Barrabas was sentenced to death by crucifixion, but according to the Passover custom Pilate was allowed to commute one prisoner's death sentence by popular acclaim. The crowd, when offered a choice to release Barrabas or Jesus, picked Barrabas condemning Jesus to crucifixion. [From the Golden Chalice - Barrabas] Bluebeard - Title character of Trakl's posthumous fragmentary puppet play. The earliest record of this fairy tale figure, who murdered his wife and is frequently adapted in literature and music, reaches back to sixth century France. |
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Cain - in the Old Testament, the first son of Adam and Eve who was born after the Fall of Man from the Garden of Eden. He was followed by a brother Abel. Cain became a farmer and Abel a shepherd. Each offered a gift to God, but God only accepted Abel's offering. Cain then murdered his brother Abel out of jealousy. God punished him with a divine curse and the ground would no longer bear fruit for him. He became a wanderer across the earth living in fear of being murdered himself. [Bequest: The Horror] Catalinon - fictional character from Trakl's fragmentary tragedy Don Juan's Death. Chorale - a church song for a chorus usually performed in the native language of the worshipers. [Bequest: In the Hospital] Condottiere - (kondot-tya´ra) [Italian=leader], leader of mercenary soldiers in Italy in the 14th and 15th cent. [Gustav Streicher] Confiteor - a Latin word meaning I confess. Furthermore, it is a Catholic prayer of penance where sinfulness is acknowledged and God's mercy and forgiveness is sought. It is recited at the beginning of mass or on various other occasions when as a preparation to receive grace. The prayer begins: I confess to almighty God, etc. [Bequest: Confiteor] Crucifixus - a Latin word meaning nailed to the cross. [Bequest: Crucifixus] |
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Daedalus - architect, inventor and master craftsman in Greek Mythology. He created many objects that are prominent in various myths including the Labyrinth of the Minotaur at Knossos. Daedalus built wings for himself and son Icarus, fashioned with feathers held together with wax. Daedalus warned his son not to fly too close to the sun, because it would melt his wings. Icarus, exhilarated by the thrill of flying, grew careless. Flying too close to the sun god Helios, the wax holding his wings together melted and he fell to his death, drowning in the sea. [Small Concert; Bequest : Decline 2nd Version [Small Concert; Bequest: Decline version 2] De profundis - Latin for out of the depths ; the beginning words of Psalm 130 in the Old Testament, principally used in penitential prayers for the dead, and for souls that are still in purgatory. [De profundis; Bequest: De profundis] Devil - in dualistic religions the embodiment of evil and adversary of God; tempter of mankind; master of Hell. Equated to a large extent in Christianity with Satan and Lucifer. [Bequest: Bluebeard] Dies irae - Latin for day of wrath ; is a famous Latin hymn written by Tommaso da Celano (about 1190-1260) that describes the Day of Judgment, the last trumpet summoning souls before the throne of God, where the good will be delivered and the evil cast into eternal flames. It is used in the Requiem Mass. [Bequest: Justice] Dionysus - God of wine, intoxication, and fertility in Greek mythology. He invented wine on Mount Nyssa and spread the practice of cultivating grapes around the world. His dual nature is represented in the joy and social benefits of wine as well as the brutality, thoughtlessness and rage that can result from its abuse. [Bequest: The Saint; Don Juan's Death] Don Juan - Title character of Trakl's fragmentary tragedy Don Juan's Death. Also known as Don Giovanni, this figure has become a synonym for an insatiable sexual seducer. It originates from a drama by Spanish author Tirso de Molina in 1613 and is one of the most adapted works of world literature. Dryad - In Greek mythology a type of wood nymph that was thought to inhabit trees and forests. They were especially fond of oak trees. Shy and non-violent they rarely appeared more than a few feet from their individual tree, and can disappear into their tree when frightened. [Bequest: En-route both versions] |
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Eden - Garden of Paradise in the Old Testament from which Adam and Eve are expelled after being lured by Satan in the guise of a snake to eat from the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge. Eden is synonymous with an earthly paradise. [The Walk] Elai - Aramaic for my God ; the cry of Jesus before he died on the cross: “My God, my God, why hast thou forsaken me?” [Night Song; Bequest: Drama Fragment] Elis - A myth-like, enigmatic boy character in some of Trakl's poems. The model for the name doesn't originate from the Greek Peloponnesian peninsular, but in the historical fall of Swedish miner Elis Froebom in the 17th century, which E. T. A. Hoffmann (in the novel, “The Miners of Falun”, 1818) and Hugo von Hofmannsthal (in the verse drama fragment, “The Miners of Falun”, 1906) treated in literature. Elis Froebom met with an accident in the mine on the day of his wedding, and his body was discovered decades later perfectly preserved his youth while his bride had become an old woman. [To the Boy Elis; Elis; Occident; Bequest: Elis versions 1 and 2; Occident versions 2 and 3; A cross towers Elis…] Elisabeth - Fictional character from Trakl's posthumous, fragmentary puppet play Bluebeard. Endymion - In Greek mythology a handsome shepherd from Asia Minor . He was so beautiful that Selene, the moon goddess, asked Zeus to grant him eternal life so she could be with him always. He consented and Zeus put him into an eternal sleep. Each night, Selene visits Endymion where he is buried and they have over fifty daughters together. [Evening Muse; Bequest: December] Eve - The first woman, wife of Adam, the mother of Cain, Abel and Seth, and the original mother of mankind in the Old Testament. She was created as a companion for Adam in the Garden of Eden from one of his ribs. [Mankind; Bequest: In milk and desolation... ] Evoe - Typical call of the drunken followers of the Greek god Dionysus. [Bequest: The Saint] Exaudi me - Latin for hear me; in Old Testament Psalm 69 and 143. [Bequest: The Saint] |
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Faun - going back to the old Roman nature god Faunus and the Greek satyrs, fauns in Roman mythology are voluptuous forest daemons with horns and cloven feet. [Music in Mirabell; In an Old Garden; Bequest: The Dream of an Afternoon; Luminous Hour; Fairy Tale; Western Dusk; Colorful Autumn] Fiorello - Fictitional character in Trakl's fragmentary tragedy Don Juan's Death. |
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Golgotha - mountain and execution place near Jerusalem where according to the New Testament Jesus was crucified. - [From the Golden Chalice - Barrabas; From the Golden Chalice - Maria Magdalena] Gret - a rough abbreviation for a woman's name; Trakl's favorite sister Margarethe was usually called Grete or Gretl. [Evening Round Dance version 1] Grodek - locality in Galicia, today Eastern Poland; scene of a battle between Austrian and Russian troops at the beginning of the World War I in October 1914, in which Trakl was involved as a medic. [Grodek] |
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Hauser, Kaspar - (1812–1833) a mysterious, feral boy who appeared on the streets of Nuremberg , Germany. He wore peasant clothes and could barely speak. The boy could only repeat phrases like: “I want to be a rider like my father” or “Horse! Horse!.” Eventually it was learned he spent most of his life in a tiny cell that was not large enough for him to stand, and ate only bread and water. In December 1833, he was lured to a park with the promise of discovering something about his ancestry but was stabbed in the chest by an unknown person. During Hauser's lifetime his fate and parentage had already become an object of speculation and the stuff of literature, which underwent many adaptations in Germany and France . Trakl was particularly affected by Paul Verlain's poem “Kaspar Hauser Sings” (1881) and Jakob Wassermann's novel “Kaspar Hauser or the Lethargy of the Heart” (1908). A detailed English site describing Kaspar's life is http://www.mysteriouspeople.com/Hauser1.htm) [Kaspar Hauser Song] Helian - a myth-like, enigmatic character in Trakl's poetry. The name should probably be interpreted as an allusion to Verlaine's "poor Lelian" and the poet Hölderlin. [Helian; Bequest: The Sunflowers; Where the possessed...; Those sing the decline...; Where by walls the shadows...; Sinisterly a brown deer bleeds...] Helios - the sun god in Greek mythology. [The Walk; Bequest: In milk and desolation...] Hellbrunn -
a baroque pleasure palace near Salzburg, constructed from 1613-19 by Santino Solari (1576-1646) for Archbishop Markus Sittikus of Salzburg. Its expanded park is well-known for its artfully laid-out ponds and trick fountains. Herbert - Fictional character from Trakl's posthumous, fragmentary puppet play Bluebeard. Herod - king of Judea, when Jesus was born there. [Elegy] Hill of Calvary - derived from the Latin word calvaria which means skull; a name for Golgotha near Jerusalem, where Jesus was crucified. [Bequest: Psalm] Hohenburg - castle near Innsbruck, Trakl's place of residence several times between 1913-4. It belonged at that time to Rudolf von Ficker, brother of his friend and mentor Ludwig von Ficker. [Hohenburg; Bequest: Hohenburg version 1] |
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India - a country in south Asia with comprises the majority of the Indian subcontinent. [Bequest: To Angela both versions] |
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Jerusalem - the holy city of three world religions, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. [From the Golden Chalice - Barrabas; From the Golden Chalice - Maria Magdalena] Jesus Christ - the gospels depict him as a Jewish preacher and healer often at odds with Jewish religious authorities. He was crucified outside of Jerusalem during the rule of the Roman governor Pontius Pilate. After his death, numerous followers spread his teachings, and within a few centuries Christianity emerged as a major religion distinct from Judaism. The gospels claim Jesus was the Messiah prophesied in the Old Testament; that he was the son of God; that his mother Mary was a virgin when Jesus was conceived; and that after his crucifixion he rose from the dead to appear to his disciples before ascended into heaven. [From the Golden Chalice - Maria Magdalena; Bequest: Bluebeard] Johanna -
a woman's name; its French form, Jeanne, was the 2nd Christian name of Trakl's favorite sister Margarethe.
[Bequest: To Johanna] |
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Karl Kraus - see short biography [Karl Kraus] Kaspar Hauser - see Hauser, Kaspar. Kermor - fictional character from Trakl's Drama Fragment. Kidron - a valley between Jerusalem and the Mount of Olives. [Helian; Bequest: Elegy] Kraus, Karl - see short biography. [Karl Kraus] Kristus - rare way of writing of “Christ”. [Bequest: Passion version 1 and 2] |
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Lans - a village near Innsbruck, Austria. [Evening in Lans] Lucifer - a Latin word meaning light-bearer. In the Christian tradition, Lucifer was second in command to God himself, the highest archangel in heaven. But pride and greed motivated him to rebel against God and he was cast out of heaven, along with a third of the host of heaven. He is often referred to as the Devil or Satan, and his fellow angelic rebels are known as demons. [Bequest: To Lucifer] |
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Maenad - in Greek mythology, one of the female worshippers of Dionysus. The name literally means "the raving one". Maenads indulged abundantly in violence, bloodletting, sex, intoxication and mutilation, and were usually depicted as crowned with vine leaves, clothed in fawn skins and dancing with wild abandonment. [Dusk; Bequest: Sabbath] Marcellus - fictional character who participates together with Agathon in the dialogue From the Golden Chalice - Mary Magdalene, a juvenile work of Trakl. Magdalene - probably means Mary Magdalene. [Bequest: The Church] Maria - name of the fatally ill girl from Trakl's narrative Dream Country. Marie - probably refers to the Christian mother of God, Mary, but can also be the name of a unspecified woman. [Bequest: Always Darker; Green-gold the day arises …] Mary - in the New Testament, the mother of Jesus and at the time of his conception the betrothed wife of Joseph. The Gospels relate that Mary was a virgin when she conceived Jesus through a miracle of God. She was present at the crucifixion along with Mary Magdalene and other women. [Spiritual Song; Transfiguaration; Bequest: Blood Guilt; Metamorphosis; The Saint; In the Moonlight; Bluebeard] Mary Magdalena - in the New Testament, a devoted disciple of Jesus. She is considered a saint by the Catholic Church with a feast day of July 22nd. She is purported to have been a prostitute who had seven demons cast out of her by an exorcism. She became a close companion of Jesus, accompanied him on his last journey to Jerusalem and was a witness to the crucifixion. She remained there until Jesus' body was taken down and laid in the tomb. On the first day of the next week, she and several others brought spices to anoint the body, but the tomb was empty. She was the first person to see the resurrected Jesus. [From the Golden Chalice - Mary Magdalene] Mauvaise music - French for "bad music". [Jakobus and the Women] Melusine - beautiful sea fairy from an old French legend; usually depicted as a woman who is a serpent or fish from the waist down. Appeared for the first time in a noted 1387 story by Jean d'Arras where her husband, a count, surprised her in mermaid-form, whereupon she had to return to the sea. [Bequest: Melusine 1; Melusine 2] Mirabell - a palace with a large ornamental park situated in Salzburg, separated from the old part of town by the river Salzach. [Music in Mirabell] Mönchsberg - part of the long drawn-out, cragged mountain ridge which Salzburg almost completely surrounds. [At the Mönchsberg; To One who Died Early ; Bequest: At the Mönchsberg version 1] Mount Calvary - derived from the Latin word calvaria which means skull; a name for Golgotha near Jerusalem, where Jesus was crucified. [Sebastian in Dream] Münch - a figure from a short prose fragment that Trakl did not develop further. [Bequest: At evening Münch awaked...] |
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Narcissus – a beautiful young man from Greek mythology, who fell in love with his reflection in a pond and drowned trying to embrace it. From this myth, the word narcissist evolved for “someone in love with themselves.” [Small Concert] Nazarene - in the New Testament a designation for Jesus of Nazareth, after the ancestral home of his parents. [From the Golden Chalice - Barrabas] Novalis - the pen name of the German romantic poet Friedrich von Hardenberg (1772–1801). The death in 1797 of his young fiancé, Sophie von Kühn, led him to write Hymns to the Night, a set of six prose and verse lyrics first published in 1800. Seven months after the publication of Hymns to the Night, Novalis died of tuberculosis, the same disease that had claimed his fiancé. His “blue flower”, introduced in the novel fragment “Heinrich von Ofterdingen”, became the emblem of the oneness of dream and reality, the finite and the infinite, and in general of the entire German Romantic movement. [Bequest: To Novalis] Nymph - a female nature divinity in Greek mythology. In “Psalm” from the bequest: the developmental stage of an insect between larva and pupa. [Melancholy; Psalm; Bequest: The Dream of an Afternoon; Luminous Hour; To Angela both versions; Psalm; Melancholia; Psalm version 1; To the Night version 4; The monk listens long...] |
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Ophelia - the beloved of the title character of Shakespeare's tragedy “Hamlet” who thinks herself spurned, falls into a frenzy and drowns herself. [Bequest: Wind, white voice... version 1] Orpheus - famous singer of Greek mythology, who tried in vain to release his beloved, a nymph named Eurydice, from the realm of the dead. Orpheus was taught to play the lyre by Apollo, and his skill on the instrument, combined with the sweetness of his singing voice could charm wild animals and humans equally. He was ultimately killed by the Maenads. [Passion; The Three Ponds in Hellbrunn; Bequest: Luminous Hour; Passion versions 1 and 2] |
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Pan - Greek god of herders and forest, cloven footed and fur-covered, a companion of Dionysus. He is the inventor of the Pan flute and can cause panic-stricken terror. [Psalm; Helian; Bequest: Psalm; Psalm version 1] Peter - fictional character from Trakl's Drama Fragment. Pharisees - a religious group in Judaism at the time of Jesus which stood in high esteem as scribes. Due to their negative representation in the New Testament became an expression for pedantry and bigotry. [From the Golden Chalice - Barrabas] Phoebus - epithet of the Greek god Apollo that emphasizes his aspect as a god of light and sun. In European poetry references are sometimes made to Phoebus and his car or chariot as a metaphor for the sun. [Bequest: Luminous Hour] Pilatus - Pontius Pilate, in the New Testament was the governor of the Roman province of Judea from AD 26 until approximately AD 36. According to the accounts in the Gospels, Pilate presided at the trial of Jesus. Passover custom permitted Pilate to commute one prisoner's death sentence by popular acclaim. The crowd chose to release Barrabas the murderer instead of Jesus, allowing Pilate to wash his hands of any responsibility. [From the Golden Chalice - Mary Magdalene] Psalm - religious song or poem of praise in the Old Testament collected in the Book of Psalms; from the Greek psalmós = string play, chant, song of praise. [Psalm; Three Gazes into an Opal; Bequest: Psalm; Psalm version 1] |
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Quirinal - One of the Seven Hills of Rome located in the northeast quadrant of the city. [Bequest: Western Dusk] |
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Rachel -
Jewish woman's name; in the Old Testament the favorite wife of Jacob.
[The Walk] Rome - capital of Italy and former world empire which during the time of Jesus ruled most of the civilized world. Roman emperors were early opponents of Christianity and lead frequent persecutions against the early church. [From the Golden Chalice - Mary Magdalene] Rosary - a certain form of Catholic prayer where Hail Marys are recited in groups of ten with an Our Father in-between. Rosary beads are often used in conjunction as a counting mechanism to ensure the ritual is completed properly. [Rosary Songs; Bequest: Hour of Grief; Decline version 3] |
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Sabbath - actually the Jewish day of rest and religious holiday (Saturday), but in Trakl's youthful poem it is cloaked in the meaning of a witches' celebration. [Bequest: Sabbat] Saint Peter's Cemetery - a burial place under a steep rock cliff in Salzburg. [Sebastian in Dream; St. Peter's Cemetery] Saint Thomas - in the New Testament one of the twelve Apostles of Jesus; known as “Doubting Thomas” who doubts the resurrection of Jesus and must touch his crucifixion wounds to be convinced. [Mankind] Saint Ursula - Christian martyr, who according to legend was killed with ten companions during a pilgrimage to Rome near Cologne by the Huns in the 4th Century. [Bequest: Or when he a soft novice...] Satan - Hebrew word for adversary ; leader of the angels in the Old Testament, revolted unsuccessfully against God; in Christianity equated to a large extent with the devil and Lucifer. [Winter Twilight] Saturn - in Roman mythology, the king of the golden age; he preceded his son Jupiter who overthrew him as the highest god. In the teachings on the four temperaments going back to the Middle Ages, he stands for melancholy. Also the name given to the 6th planet of our solar system. [Doldrums; Metamorphosis of Evil; Bequest: In milk and desolation...; Doldrums version 2] Satyr - in Greek mythology a voluptuous nature-daemon, half buck half human, a follower of Dionysus. [Three Gazes into an Opal] Schubert - an Austrian composer, 1797-1828, considered one of the last masters of the Viennese Classical School and one of the earliest proponents of musical Romanticism. Though he died at the age of 31, he wrote over six hundred romantic songs as well as piano music, many symphonies, sonatas, and operas. [En-route] Sea of Galilee – a fresh water lake in Galilee (today a province of Israel), around which in the New Testament Jesus often stopped, preached, performed miracles and gathered his disciples. [Bequest: A carpet into…] Sebastian - a Christian martyr and Saint. He was a bodyguard to the Roman emperor Diocletian, his beliefs manifested during the persecution of the Christians and was probably executed in the 3rd century with arrows. From the 15th century this scene has been frequently depicted in the visual arts. - In Trakl's poetry, he, like Elis and Helian, is a myth-like, enigmatic character. [Sebastian in Dream; Bequest: To Angela version 2; Summer. In sunflowers...] Siren - sea nymphs who lived on an island which was surrounded by cliffs and rocks. Their enchanting singing seduced approaching sailors who sailed on the cliffs and drown. [Bequest: Blood Guilt] Sonja - Russian short form of the name Sophia. The associative framework for Trakl's lyric figure is the Sonja Marmeladova from Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment", a harlot by necessity who possesses the character of a holy one, and follows her love, the murderer Raskolnikov, into exile in Siberia. [The Cursed; Sonja] Sphinx - the Egyptian sphinx is a mythical creature usually made up of a recumbent lion with a human head, usually that of a pharaoh. The Greek sphinx is mythical demon of destruction and bad luck. She was depicted most often as a winged lion seated upright with a woman's head; or as a woman with the claws and body of a lion, a serpent's tail, and wings. [The Three Ponds of Hellbrunn; Bequest: The Thre Ponds in Hellbrunn; Blood Guilt] St.-Peters Cemetery - see Saint Peters' Cemetery |
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The Murderer - fictional character from Trakl's Drama Fragment. The Old Man - fictional character from Trakl's posthumous, fragmentary puppet play Bluebeard. The Servant- fictional character from Trakl's posthumous, fragmentary puppet play Bluebeard. The Tenant - fictional character from Trakl's Drama Fragment. The Traveller - fictional character from Trakl's Drama Fragment. Titan - in Greek mythology, giant divine beings who preceded the Olympian gods. They were defeated by Zeus and the newer gods, and banished into the underworld. [Lament] Triton - a water god of Greek mythology and the messenger of the deep. He is usually depicted as a merman, having the upper body of a human and the tail of a fish. He carried a trident like his father, Poseidon. However, Triton's hallmark was a twisted conch shell, which he blew like a trumpet to calm or raise the waves. [Passion; The Three Ponds in Hellbrunn] |
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Venice - a city built on a lagoon in north Italy. Trakl traveled there with friends in 1913 in one of his few trips outside of German-speaking countries. [In Venice] |
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General survey of the Trakl-Site: The Poetry and Letters |
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